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DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES- DEGREE
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ASSIGNMENT 1- ENVIRONMENT & DEV
Gender being a cross-cutting issue has been mainstreamed
into a number of policies, programmes or plans both at international and
national levels. Using practical
examples, discuss the importance of gender in environmental management
One
of the most important lessons we have learned is that the consideration and
inclusion of gender issues in environmental management and poverty reduction
activities is crucial if development programs are to be relevant and
sustainable. Overlooking the contributions, priorities, needs of women as well
as men can hinder an effective emergency response and a full recovery process.
Since the contributions of women are often not recognized at household level,
or in the informal sector, the losses women experience in natural disasters are
not always identified and taken into account in recovery programmes. Even in terms of economic recovery, women's
contributions in the informal sector and at household level can be critical.
Efforts to move beyond humanitarian assistance and relief programmes to more long-term
development programmes must be informed by a gender perspective to be effective
in securing sustainable, people-centred development. It is in this relation
that this paper discusses the importance of gender in environmental management.
In the same vain practical examples have been given in due relation to the
subject under discussion.
Gender
mainstreaming has been perceived as, ‘the linguistic antithesis to gender marginalisation’
(Morley, 2006). Although widely used in development and policy circles, its theory
takes root from feminist theory and practice (Morley, 2006). It can be
understood as a consciously organized move towards integrating a gender
perspective into analysis, procedures and policies (Schalkwyck and Woroniuk
1998).
According
to Waterhouse and Sever (2005), ‘Gender mainstreaming’ has become a fashionable
term to signify gender equality and equity. It has also become a major strategy
for development practitioners to promote gender equality. But, it should be
noted that gender equality; that is, treating women and men the same way
differs from gender equity. Equity explains the difference in control and
access over resources by men and women, and the resultant differences in
socioeconomic and life experiences. To achieve equity, gender analysis should
be undertaken to inform the design of gender mainstreamed programs so that both
gender equality and equity can be attained.
There
are many definitions of gender mainstreaming; however this paper adopts only
definition by ECOSOC. The overarching principle is that of systematic
interventions for change towards equality between men and women, boys and
girls. The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) defines gender
mainstreaming as:
"…the process of assessing the
implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation,
policies or programmes, in any areas and at all levels. It is a strategy for
making women's as well as men's concerns and experiences an integral dimension
of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and
programmes in all political, economic, and societal spheres so that women and
men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to
achieve gender equality" (ECOSOC, 2006).
ASSIGNMENT 2
What
are post industrial societies? Can Zambia be classified as such a society? Justify
your answer with examples.
Marx
thought that history moved through phases, and that capitalism was only one of
them. Today we are discovering that capitalism itself has a history that it
manifests itself differently in the twentieth century than it did in the
nineteenth, and that today it is unlike what it was yesterday. Twenty-first-century
capitalism is engaged in systematically dismantling that industrial society.
The various levels of large industrial enterprises are being uncoupled from one
another. Tasks not considered essential are now assigned to subcontractors.
The solidarity that was at the heart
of the industrial firm has disappeared. Moving on to a post Industrial society.
It is in this context that this paper discusses what post industrial societies
are. In the same vein, whether Zambia can be classified as such a society has
been discussed in which justification has been given in due consideration of
the subject under discussion.
According
to Daniel (2000:234) defined a post industrial society as one in which the
majority of those employed are not involved in the production of tangible
goods. The manual and unskilled worker class gets smaller and the class of
knowledge workers becomes predominant. The character of knowledge also changes
and an emphasis is put on theoretical knowledge rather than empirical.
According to him. “Theoretical knowledge is the impetus of innovation and
growth.” Because of this, universities will become central institutions and
prestige and status will be rooted in the intellectual and scientific
communities.
In this way, post-industrial society forges a
link between two areas of activity that are, in a sense, at opposite poles: the
conception of goods (or even their “conceptualization”—the immaterial domain)
and their........Buy this paper now.....Email:- Kabasosydn@yahoo.com or call now +260- 966717712
ASSIGNMENT 3
What
do you understand by the term “political economy” and what is its relevance to
emerging economies like Zambia
In
recent years, the number of studies looking at the effect of politics on
economic outcomes has flourished. For developing economies, these studies are
useful to better understand why long overdue reforms are not implemented. The
studies analyze the overall context within which reforms are being implemented
and the underlying incentive framework. However, it seems difficult to make
such studies actionable, especially in sectors where donors have a heavy
presence that can sometimes distort incentives in addition to the reluctance
from some governments to amend the existing systems in place. This paper
focuses the meaning of political economy and its relevance to emerging
economies like Zambia. In the same vein the paper also focuses on some
conclusions emerging from the political economy diagnostics carried out in
Zambia in various sectors in recent years.
Political
Economy originally was the term for studying production, buying, and selling,
and their relations with law, custom, and government, as well as with the
distribution of national income and wealth, including through the budget
process (Alberto, 2007).
Political economy originated in moral
philosophy. It developed in the 18th century as the study of the economies of
states, polities, hence political economy.
In
the late nineteenth century, the term 'economics' came to replace 'political
economy', coinciding with publication of an influential textbook by Alfred
Marshall in 1890.Earlier, William Stanley Jevons, a proponent of mathematical
methods applied to the subject, advocated 'economics' for brevity and with the
hope of the term becoming "the recognized name of a science."
What
is the new political economy? A general definition is that it is the study of
the interaction of politics and economics. Benjamin (2007:9) argues that, “Though such a vague definition may have the
virtue of being all-inclusive, it gives no real sense of what is being studied.
It is like describing the taste of French cooking by saying it results from the
interaction of France and cooking. It is technically correct, but one misses the
real flavor.”
Our
first task, therefore, is to attempt to provide a definition that will indicate
what makes a question one of political economy, and how political economy
differs from ‘‘straight’ economics or from other areas of economics concerned
with policy choice.
How,
for example, is political economy different than the well-developed theories of
public finance and public economics? How does it differ from the theory of
public choice?
A famous definition of economics is that of
Lionel Robbins _1932, p. 16., ‘‘Economics is the science which studies human
behavior as a relationship between..................To read more..buy this paper now or email: kabasosydn@yahoo.comASSIGNMENT 3
Define
the concept of Sustainable Development. Why do we need sustainable development
for a country like Zambia? And is it attainable?
Questions
revolving around the meeting of human basic needs and the strategic planning of
social services for effective national social development carry different
notations from one social context to another. Sustainable development has the
potential to act as a spring bold for tackling the present state of extreme
poverty, national destitution and general deprivation in Zambia. But such
potential needs to be supported by knowledge on sustainable development
strategies. Sustainable development theory is not only essential but pivotal to
the process of economic and social development. In this paper the concept of
sustainable development between social policy and social theory has being
discussed. The heart of the subject under discussion, hinges on the fact that
social theory is an explanation to a social problem and social Policy is a tool
that solves the problem at hand.
Development
like most phenomena in the social world, it’s a subject to a variety of
definitions and interpretations, partly due to the fact that, social reality is
never perceived through the same lenses, and partly because proponents
operational sing the concept come from different school of thought.
Development
is a complicated and a complex process driven by many variables including
economic, political and social. Development cannot be simply defined as it
changes with context; how it is defined changes within economic, social,
cultural or even in a political context.
Economically,
development is ...................Read more......or buy now...
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